Gender and Sexual Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender and Sexual Studies - Essay Example This essay demonstrates that academic literature on indigenous family violence indicates that men were permitted to hit their wives and children. On the other hand, it was rare for a woman to hit a man, no matter how much wrong a man commits. Any form of punishment meted out to men was determined and exercised by community â€Å"elders† who mediated most family issues (Vheim, 2013:39). The question as to why men were allowed to judge and prosecute women so quickly while their transgressions were judged by â€Å"high courts† is another grey area that creates confusion in the everyday understanding of gender violence issues (Otto, 2013:26). In retrospect, it is important to consider that societies have always been patriarchal in nature; there are little or no documented examples of matriarchal societies. Modern thinking, although it accepts that society is still patriarchal, has been geared towards creating a balance between genders or a sense of balance that insinuates equality. For example, contemporary everyday understanding holds that all children, regardless of their genders, must be given equal opportunities to access education and other basic services (Otto, 2013:29). However, academic literature on indigenous family violence postulates that men and women are unequal from childhood, with young girls being inferior to boys and therefore second-class citizens when it comes to access to any privileges. The evolution of mentalities has created two perspectives on gender issues that oppose each other (Vheim, 2013:37). The first world is that informed by academic literature on indigenous gender issues, and the second is that informed by modern views on gender issues.

QRisk 2 - to use or not to use - that is the question Essay

QRisk 2 - to use or not to use - that is the question - Essay Example 2008)). Previously few other criterias like Framingham’s criteria to assess cardiovascular risk factors and QRISK1 are used so this new model is a point of discussion that either it has some significance in the developing era or not.(Brindle, 2011). This requires collection of data from several studies which have been conducted in the recent past to compare between these models.(Hippisley-Cox, Coupland, et all. 2008). Generally, they all pointed out that using QRISk 2 is not have similar effectiveness like the traditional previous criteria as the risk factors described in this score are not single most important risk factors for development of cardiovascular diseases but they have utmost importance.(Vogel, Bernitez, 2000). RATIONALE: Cardiovascular risk factors predict 5-10 year risk of development of cardiovascular disease as well as resulting mortality and morbidity from that. (Koenig, 2003). There are few cardiac risk factors which have been defined previously like increase age, male gender, smoking status, presence of Hypertension, Hyperlipidemias, Type 2 diabetes etc. presence of all or one of these factors leads to increase tendency towards development of cardiovascular disease.(Mola, Lloyd, 2002). There are few other factors which are recently developed. These include ethnicity of the patient, presence of rheumatoid arthritis, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease and treated hypertension. Data shows that they also influence future prediction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. (Collins, Altman, 2010). CONS OF QRISK2: By using QRISK 2, we can find out some high risk persons who are at risk of developing disease(Hayman, Kamau, 2009) It also provides benefit by treating the patients who are labeled as low risk by traditional framinghom’s criteria.(Mayor, 2010) Advantage of this system is that traditionally larger numbers of data can be included in the database. (Hippisley, Coupland, 2008) It is also the first study which uses so many factors as a risk of cardiovascular disease.(Parkes, 2010) Inclusion of ethnicity is also found to be important by some people as few diseases are more popular in a specific population (Giampaoli, Palmieri, 2004) Stroke is more common in older ones and poor countries. (Scott, 2010). QRISK system also addresses the problem of different effects on risk factors of increasing age(Vanuzzu, Pilotto, 2008) so they have introduced interaction variables between age and other risk factors to overcome this problem. (Cooney, Dudina, Graham,2009) PROS OF QRISK2: It results in superior age estimation in older age group. (Weirzbicki, 2009) QRISK over predicted the patients in only 0.4% of cases but it under predicted in 12% of cases.(Dalton, Soljak, 2011). It measures blood pressure and BMI accurately but cholesterol measurement is poor. A study shows that it measured cholesterol of only 30% people who are at risk of developing disease.(Thomas, 2011). Also there is no validation of events and everything is based on computer records. Patients are included at different times in this system. Most of the patients do not follow ten years data. This score is not validated in population other than British.(Chia, 2011). It also has another disadvantage. As it is using age as a factor for cardiovascular disease risk, it is unable to identify those who are at risk but younger. As compare to some other trials